One of the readings for last week was Lance Bennettâs âSocial Movements beyond Borders: Organization, Communication, and Political Capacity in Two Eras of Transnational Activism.â Written in 2005, Bennett was able to outline many of the trends that were occurring around global scale mobilizations, specifically by highlighting the rise of inclusive organizational models, social. Transnational Activism in Ethnic Diasporas: Insights from Cuban Exiles, American Jews and Irish Americans. Irish Americans and American Jews were more directly affected by changes in telecommunications technology than Cuban exiles, because surveillance by the Cuban government, Cuba's deteriorating infrastructure and the US trade embargo.
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- by Kelly Dietz
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- by Jay Song
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- by Justyna Nakonieczna-Bartosiewicz
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- by Génesis Salas Cruz
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- Transnational Activism
Nesta entrevista, no espaço da Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes (ENFF), em Guararema(SP), ocorrida em novembro de 2011, Gilmar Mauro, dirigente nacional do MST, aborda um tema que ainda é um desafio teórico e polÃtico para o tempo... more
Nesta entrevista, no espaço da Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes (ENFF), em Guararema(SP), ocorrida em novembro de 2011, Gilmar Mauro, dirigente nacional do MST, aborda um tema que ainda é um desafio teórico e polÃtico para o tempo presente: o internacionalismo,
com foco especialmente na América Latina. Ele aborda como esse processo e princÃpio acompanhou constantemente a trajetória histórica do MST, seja nos cursos de formação, seja no processo de articulação com outras organizações populares do campo, seja nos acampamentos e assentamentos, seja na criação de inúmeras brigadas de solidariedade.
com foco especialmente na América Latina. Ele aborda como esse processo e princÃpio acompanhou constantemente a trajetória histórica do MST, seja nos cursos de formação, seja no processo de articulação com outras organizações populares do campo, seja nos acampamentos e assentamentos, seja na criação de inúmeras brigadas de solidariedade.
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- by Deni Alfaro Rubbo
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Desde seu nascimento, há quase trinta anos, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) tem se destacado pela perenidade de sua organização e disposição de estimular uma diversidade de vÃnculos capilares com a sociedade civil o... more
Desde seu nascimento, há quase trinta anos, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) tem se destacado pela perenidade de sua organização e disposição de estimular uma diversidade de vÃnculos capilares com a sociedade civil o que constitui uma das maiores novidades da história polÃtica contemporânea do campesinato brasileiro e voz mais expressiva da questão agrária na América Latina. Diante dessa constatação, o objetivo deste livro é apresentar e analisar como a dimensão internacionalista do MST enquanto elemento real e ativo de construção de um lócus polÃtico constitui-se historicamente, a fim de destacar as diversas influências polÃticas e ideológicas e a composição heterogênea de seu ativismo transnacional, que foram desenvolvidas (e assimiladas) tanto por circunstâncias polÃticas e econômicas em que o paÃs enveredou quanto pela atuação das lideranças do MST. A hipótese central é de que, a partir da metade da década de noventa, o MST alcança o auge de sua projeção no exterior, não apenas pela referência mundial simbólica e polÃtica da luta camponesa, mas pela percepção de que o internacionalismo está enraizado nas condições materiais da luta de classes na agricultura mundializada. Desde então, inicia-se um processo de redefinição de sua estratégia polÃtica que passa a ser ampliada internacionalmente, na busca de convergência de linhas polÃticas e agendas em comum, principalmente com a Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo (CLOC) e Via Campesina. Todavia, a polÃtica internacionalista do MST não nasce, cresce e amadurece politicamente apenas como reflexo passivo do avanço do capitalismo internacional do campo. O desenvolvimento desigual do capitalismo no campo brasileiro e a trajetória internacionalista do MST não constituem duas retas paralelas que podem ser relacionadas ponto a ponto. Na verdade, ambas adquirem configurações espaciais e temporais mais complexas e são estabelecidas em um constante encontro e desencontro. Por exemplo, a dimensão ética-moral e religiosa principalmente da fonte da Teologia da Libertação e da pastoral da terra é um fator essencial na motivação subjetiva de uma consciência humanista e universal latino-americana e de uma cultura polÃtica de solidariedade internacionalista permanente que o MST desenvolve a partir da própria formação especÃfica que aqui se propõe estudar.
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- by Deni Alfaro Rubbo
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- by Emilien Julliard
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- by Kevan Feshami
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BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Course 2018-2019. Carlos III University - Rubén DÃez GarcÃa
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- by RUBEN DIEZ GARCIA
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The Boycott, Divestments and Sanctions Against Israel campaign or BDS is an international social movement which emerges as a response to the international communityâs persistent lack of determination regarding the unsustainable and... more
The Boycott, Divestments and Sanctions Against Israel campaign or BDS is an international social movement which emerges as a response to the international communityâs persistent lack of determination regarding the unsustainable and devastating situation of the Palestinian people, who are living either in exile or under discrimination, segregation and institutional repression, situation they have been going through for seven decades. The three objectives of the BDS campaign are based on international law and on United Nations resolutions which, to date, have not been met by the Israeli State. BDS is a non-violent struggle whose divestment strategy and economic, academic and cultural boycott of companies and institutions linked to the Israeli occupation have produced enough pressure to make Israel change its foreign policy introducing a whole new image abroad. The purpose of this research is to analyze the power of attraction or Soft Power of the BDS and its ability to push the Israeli State towards the reconfiguration of its political propaganda or 'hasbara' which constitutes the core of its public diplomacy.
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- by Claudia Galvez
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This introduction applies a conjunctural approach (Clarke 2017; Hall 1978) to contextualizing this sectionâs particular analyses and theorizations of the French Nuit Debout social movement that began in 2016 (and may or may not have ended... more
This introduction applies a conjunctural approach (Clarke 2017; Hall 1978) to contextualizing this sectionâs particular analyses and theorizations of the French Nuit Debout social movement that began in 2016 (and may or may not have ended that same year). Integrating popular press, alternative media, and scholarly treatments of Nuit Debout, it assembles a longer French historical view of forces, repertoires, and aspirations as well as a broader culturally specific (though sometimes cross-culturally shared) set of developments that inevitably converged to create the conditions for Nuit Deboutâs emergence. With regard to one enduring part of the past, Nuit Debout demonstrates a palpably French critique and counter-production of everyday life, based in a desire to unleash human creativity while practicing an alternative direct democracy and forms of social relationship that exceed the value grids of consumer capitalismâprefigurative political features shared with other recent especially leaderless anti-austerity movements. The introduction then particularly emphasizes the innovative role of media and communication in Nuit Debout, before situating each contributing article in this larger set of cultural-historical relationships.
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book launch 'Transnational Activism, Global Labour Governance, and China' Labour Studies Network; Chinese Society Series, City University ofHong Kong
Facebook link https://www.facebook.com/events/338929079938076/?ti=cl).
Facebook link https://www.facebook.com/events/338929079938076/?ti=cl).
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- by Sabrina Zajak
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As an Introduction to the Debate section that follows, this article develops the concept of âNetworks of Labour Activismâ (NOLAs) as a distinct, and important, aspect of cross-border, cross-organizational mobilization of workers, trade... more
As an Introduction to the Debate section that follows, this article develops the concept of âNetworks of Labour Activismâ (NOLAs) as a distinct, and important, aspect of cross-border, cross-organizational mobilization of workers, trade unions and other organizations and groups. NOLAs are seen as different from traditional labour activist networks in that they are neither solely connected to the position of labour in production processes, nor wholly reliant on the soft and discursive power of advocacy coalitions. The authors understand NOLAs to be characterized by the interaction of different types of labour rights, social movement and community organizations, joining forces in complex forms of strategizing vis-Ã -vis multiple targets. Thus, cross-boundary strategizing (across organizational and geographical divides) is seen as a basic characteristic of NOLAs. The authors argue that NOLAs continue to be deeply embedded in political-economic contexts of the state and global value chains, and alliance formation reflects the peculiar vulnerabilities and constraints resulting from this embeddedness. This Introduction draws on multiple studies of NOLAs from around the world, but its main focus is on some of those Asian countries which are at the centre of global supply chain capitalism and labour exploitation, and which have become the laboratory for new forms of networked worker agency and activism.
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- by Sabrina Zajak
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Native American transnationalism: From Wounded Knee to Checkpoint Charlie: The Alliance for Sovereignty between American Indians and Central Europeans in the Late Cold War. Single-authored book. State University of New York Press, May... more
Native American transnationalism:
From Wounded Knee to Checkpoint Charlie: The Alliance for Sovereignty between American Indians and Central Europeans in the Late Cold War. Single-authored book. State University of New York Press, May 2016. http://www.sunypress.edu/p-6245-from-wounded-knee-to-checkpoint.aspx
Counter-commemorations:
âPerforming âthe Spirit of â76â: U.S. Historical Memory and Counter-Commemorations for American Indian Sovereignty.â Peer-reviewed article in Amanda Gilroy and Marietta Messmer, eds., America: Justice, Conflict, War. The European Views of the United States book series of the European Association for American Studies. Heidelberg, Germany: Winter University Press, 2016, 131-150
Memory régime:
Memory in Transatlantic Relations from the Cold War to the Global War on Terror. Co-authored (up to 50% by self) with Krystof Kozák et al. Proposal accepted by Routledge, to be published in 2018.
From Wounded Knee to Checkpoint Charlie: The Alliance for Sovereignty between American Indians and Central Europeans in the Late Cold War. Single-authored book. State University of New York Press, May 2016. http://www.sunypress.edu/p-6245-from-wounded-knee-to-checkpoint.aspx
Counter-commemorations:
âPerforming âthe Spirit of â76â: U.S. Historical Memory and Counter-Commemorations for American Indian Sovereignty.â Peer-reviewed article in Amanda Gilroy and Marietta Messmer, eds., America: Justice, Conflict, War. The European Views of the United States book series of the European Association for American Studies. Heidelberg, Germany: Winter University Press, 2016, 131-150
Memory régime:
Memory in Transatlantic Relations from the Cold War to the Global War on Terror. Co-authored (up to 50% by self) with Krystof Kozák et al. Proposal accepted by Routledge, to be published in 2018.
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- by Gyorgy Toth
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Postwar prosperity enabled citizens to express their views in new ways. The success of the movement for fair trade since the 1960s underlines the significance of the figure of the citizen-consumer in postwar history. The pioneering... more
Postwar prosperity enabled citizens to express their views in new ways. The success of the movement for fair trade since the 1960s underlines the significance of the figure of the citizen-consumer in postwar history. The pioneering initiatives for fair trade in the Netherlands invoked the power of citizens as consumers. They should consume responsibly, but their wishes likewise had to be respected. The citizen-consumer was positioned in relation to producers, consumers, civic organizations, companies, local and national governments, and international institutions. An analysis of the shifts in this entangled construction points out the possibilities and the limitations of an approach directed at the citizen-consumer. Examining three crucial episodes in the history of fair trade, this article embeds the citizen-consumer within competing spatial frameworks, relates consumption to other social practices, and demonstrates the significance of intermediaries interpreting individual acts of consumption.
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- by Peter van Dam
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Este trabajo estudia el desarrollo de la campaña #BringBackOurGirls en Twitter, durante 2014, a través de seis APIs de medición de redes sociales. El objetivo es aproximarse a las ventajas que supone el Slacktivismo, como fenómeno de... more
Este trabajo estudia el desarrollo de la campaña #BringBackOurGirls en Twitter, durante 2014, a través de seis APIs de medición de redes sociales. El objetivo es aproximarse a las ventajas que supone el Slacktivismo, como fenómeno de movilización social en Internet, desde los presupuestos de la TeorÃa de Movilización de Recursos (TMR) y su efectividad para impactar la agenda polÃtica mundial.
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This paper studies the #BringBackOurGirls campaign development on Twitter, during 2014, through the use of six social networks measurement APIs. Its main objective is to approach the advantages that Slacktivism represents as a social mobilization phenomenon on the Internet, from the assumptions of the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) and its effectiveness in impacting the global political agenda.
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This paper studies the #BringBackOurGirls campaign development on Twitter, during 2014, through the use of six social networks measurement APIs. Its main objective is to approach the advantages that Slacktivism represents as a social mobilization phenomenon on the Internet, from the assumptions of the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) and its effectiveness in impacting the global political agenda.
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- by Comunicación y Sociedad (revista cientÃfica)
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Ecuadorâs YasunÃ-ITT initiative put forward an unprecedented global governance mechanism promoting environmental justice. This government-sponsored proposal and its transnational campaign originated in civil society and garnered... more
Ecuadorâs YasunÃ-ITT initiative put forward an unprecedented global governance mechanism promoting environmental justice. This government-sponsored proposal and its transnational campaign originated in civil society and garnered transnational activist support. However, after failing to achieve its goals, the project was terminated, thereby generating widespread contestation. The YasunÃ-ITT initiative provides a sui generis case study of transnational collective action insofar as it presents an activist campaign that operated with(in) the state and culminated in the formation of an antagonistic social movement. The present study uses a dynamic approach to transnational collective action in order to trace contentious interactions involving state and non-state actors in the course of the YasunÃ-ITT initiative and its
subsequent termination. The analysis focuses on norm-laden framing processes in order to assess the interplay between coalition-building patterns and multilevel political opportunity structures. The paper sheds light on claim making patterns in transnational contention, in particular how these affect the making and unmaking of (state-led) insider outsider coalitions.
subsequent termination. The analysis focuses on norm-laden framing processes in order to assess the interplay between coalition-building patterns and multilevel political opportunity structures. The paper sheds light on claim making patterns in transnational contention, in particular how these affect the making and unmaking of (state-led) insider outsider coalitions.
![Technology transnational activism theory Technology transnational activism theory](/uploads/1/2/3/7/123758626/885227043.gif)
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- by Andrés López-Rivera
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Part of a series on |
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Transnationalism is a social phenomenon and scholarly research agenda grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between people and the receding economic and social significance of boundaries among nation states.[1][2][3][4]
The term 'Trans-National' was popularized in the early 20th century by writer Randolph Bourne to describe a new way of thinking about relationships between cultures.[5] However, the term itself was coined by a colleague in college.[6] Merriam-Webster Dictionary states 1921 was the year the term 'transnational' was first used in print, which was after Bourne's death.[7]
Transnationalism as an economic process involves the global reorganization of the production process, in which various stages of the production of any product can occur in various countries, typically with the aim of minimizing costs. Economic transnationalism, commonly known as globalization, was spurred in the latter half of the 20th century by the development of the internet and wireless communication, as well as the reduction in global transportation costs caused by containerization. Multinational corporations could be seen as a form of transnationalism, in that they seek to minimize costs, and hence maximize profits, by organizing their operations in the most efficient means possible irrespective of political boundaries.
Proponents of capitalists transnationalism seek to facilitate the flow of people, ideas, and goods among regions. They believe that it has increasing relevance with the rapid growth of capitalist globalization. They contend that it does not make sense to link specific nation-state boundaries with for instance migratory workforces, globalized corporations, global money flow, global information flow, and global scientific cooperation.
However, critical theories of transnationalism have argued that transnational capitalism has occurred through the increasing monopolization and centralization of capital by leading dominant groups in the global economy and various power blocs. Scholars critical of global capitalism (and its global ecological and inequality crises) have argued instead for a transnationalism from below between workers and co-operatives as well as popular social and political movements.[8]
Transnationalism as concept, theory and experience has nourished an important literature in social sciences. In practice transnationalism refers to increasing functional integration of processes that cross-borders or according to others trans bordered relations of individuals, groups, firms and to mobilizations beyond state boundaries. Individuals, groups, institutions and states interact with each other in a new global space where cultural and political characteristic of national societies are combined with emerging multilevel and multinational activities. Transnationalism is a part of the process of capitalist globalization. The concept of transnationalism refers to multiple links and interactions linking people and institutions across the borders of nation-states. Although much of the more recent literature has focused on popular protest as a form of transnational activism, some research has also drawn attention to clandestine and criminal networks, as well as foreign fighters, as examples of a wider form of transnationalism.[9]
Some have argued that diasporas, such as the overseas Chinese, are a historical precursor to modern transnationalism. However, unlike some people with transnationalist lives, most diasporas have not been voluntary. The field of diaspora politics does consider modern diasporas as having the potential to be transnational political actors and be influenced by transnational political forces.[10] While the term 'transnationalism' emphasizes the ways in which nations are no longer able to contain or control the disputes and negotiations through which social groups annex a global dimension to their meaningful practices, the notion of diaspora brings to the fore the racial dynamics underlying the international division of labor and the economic turmoil of global capital. In an article published in 2006, Asale Angel-Ajani claimed that 'there is the possibility within diaspora studies to move away from the politically sanitized discourse that surrounds transnational studies'. Since African diaspora studies have focused on racial formation, racism, and white supremacy, diaspora theory has the potential to bring to transnationalism 'a varied political, if not radical political, perspective to the study of transnational processes andâglobalization'.[11]
- 2Immigrant transnational activities
- 6References
What drives transnationalism[edit]
Different approaches have attempted to explain this. Some argue that the main driver of transnationalism has been the development of technologies that have made transportation and communication more accessible and affordable, thus dramatically changing the relationship between people and places. It is now possible for immigrants to maintain closer and more frequent contact with their home societies than ever before.However, the integration of international migrations to the demographic future of many developed countries is another important driver for transnationalism. Beyond simply filling a demand for low-wage workers, migration also fills the demographic gaps created by declining natural populations in most industrialized countries. Today, migration accounts for 3/5 of population growth on western countries as a whole. And this trend shows no sign of slowing down. Moreover, global political transformations and new international legal regimes have weakened the state as the only legitimate source of rights. Decolonization, coupled with the fall of communism and the ascendance of human rights, have forced states to take account of persons qua persons, rather than persons qua citizens. As a result, individuals have rights regardless of their citizenship status within a country.Others, from a neo-Marxist approach, argue that transnational class relations have come about which have occurred concomitant with novel organizational and technological advancements and the spread of transnational chains of production and finance.
Immigrant transnational activities[edit]
When immigrants engage in transnational activities, they create 'social fields' that link their original country with their new country or countries of residence. 'We have defined transnationalism as the process by which immigrants build social fields that link together their country of origin and their country of settlement'.[12] These social fields are the product of a series of interconnected and overlapping economic, political, and socio-cultural activities:
Economic transnational activities[edit]
Economic transnational activities such as business investments in home countries and monetary remittances are both pervasive and well documented. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) estimates that in 2006 immigrants living in developed countries sent home the equivalent of $300 billion in remittances, an amount more than double the level of international aid. This intense influx of resources may mean that for some nations development prospects become inextricably linkedâif not dependent uponâthe economic activities of their respective diasporas.
Political transnational activities[edit]
Political transnational activities can range from retained membership in political parties in oneâs country of origin and voting in its elections to even running for political office. Less formal but still significant roles include the transfer or dissemination of political ideas and norms, such as publishing an op-ed in a home country newspaper, writing a blog, or lobbying a local elected official. There is also the more extreme example of individuals such as Jesus Galvis, a travel agent in New Jersey who in 1997 ran for a Senate seat in his native Colombia. He was elected and intended to hold office simultaneously in Bogota and Hackensack, New Jersey where he served as a city councilor.
Political economy[edit]
The rise of global capitalism has occurred through a novel and increasingly functional integration of capitalist chains of production and finance across borders which is tied to the formation of a transnational capitalist class.[8][13] This approach has led to a broader study of corporate networks, the global working class[14] and the transnationalization of state apparatuses and elites.[15][16]
Socio-cultural transnational activities[edit]
Transnationalism is an analytic lens used to understand immigrant and minority populations as a meeting of multiple simultaneous histories.[17] Socio-cultural transnational activities cover a wide array of social and cultural transactions through which ideas and meanings are exchanged. Recent research has established the concept and importance of social remittances which provide a distinct form of social capital between migrants living abroad and those who remain at home.[2] These transfers of socio-cultural meanings and practices occur either during the increased number of visits that immigrants take back to their home countries or visits made by non-migrants to friends and families living in the receiving countries or through the dramatically increased forms of correspondence such as emails, online chat sessions, telephone calls, CDs/ VDOs, and traditional letters.
In the late 1980s, ethnic studies scholars would largely move towards models of diaspora to understand immigrant communities in relation to area studies, although lone patterns of international flow would become accompanied by the multiple flows of transnationalism.[18] However, to say that immigrants build social fields that link those abroad with those back home is not to say that their lives are not firmly rooted in a particular place and time. Indeed, they are as much residents of their new community as anyone else.
Transnationalism is criticized for being too far removed from ethnic studies' efforts to empower solidarity in minority communities.[19][20]Asian American Studies provides a counterargument in that its inception was based in comparative analysis of the racial discrimination against Asian Americans and Vietnamese during the Vietnam War.[21]
Migration[edit]
Transnationalism has significant implications for the way we conceptualize immigration. Traditionally, immigration has been seen as an autonomous process, driven by conditions such as poverty and overpopulation in the country of origin and unrelated to conditions (such as foreign policy and economic needs) in the receiving country. Even though overpopulation, economic stagnation, and poverty all continue to create pressures for migration, they alone are not enough to produce large international migration flows. There are many countries, for example, which lack significant emigration history despite longstanding poverty. Also, most international immigration flows from the global South to the global North are not made up by the poorest of the poor, but, generally by professionals. In addition, there are countries with high levels of job creation that continue to witness emigration on a large scale.
The reasons and promoters for migration are not only embodied within the country of origin. Instead, they are rooted within the broader geopolitical and global dynamics. Significant evidence of geographic migration patterns suggests that receiving countries become home to immigrants from the receiving country's zone of influence. Then, immigration is but a fundamental component of the process of capitalist expansion, market penetration, and globalization. There are systematic and structural relations between globalization and immigration.
The emergence of a global economy has contributed both to the creation of potential emigrants abroad and to the formation of economic, cultural, and ideological links between industrialized and developing countries that later serve as bridges for the international migration. For example, the same set of circumstances and processes that have promoted the location of factories and offices abroad have also contributed to the creation of large supply of low-wage jobs for which immigrant workers constitute a desirable labor supply. Moreover, the decline of manufacturing jobs and the growth of the service sector, key drivers of the globalization of production, have transformed western economiesâ occupational and income structure.
Unlike the manufacturing sector, which traditionally supplied middle-income jobs and competitive benefits, the majority of service jobs are either extremely well-paid or extremely poorly paid, with relatively few jobs in the middle-income range. Many of the jobs lack key benefits such as health insurance. Sales representatives, restaurant wait staff, administrative assistants, and custodial workers are among the growth occupations.
Finally, the fact that the major growth sectors rather than declining sectors are generating the most low-wage jobs shows that the supply of such jobs will continue to increase for the predictable future. The entry of migrant workers will similarly continue to meet the demand. In turn, this inflow provides the raw material out of which transnational communities emerge.
List of transnational organizations[edit]
Transnational organizations include:[22]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Graham, Pamela (1997). Reimagining the Nation and Defining the District: Dominican Migration and Transnational Politics. Caribbean Circuits: New Directions in the Study of Caribbean Migration, Center for Migration Studies: Patricia Pessar.
- ^ abLevitt, Peggy (2001). The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^Vertovec, Steven (2001). 'Transnationalism and Identity'. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 27 (4): 573â582. doi:10.1080/13691830120090386.
- ^Castles, Stephen (2005). Global Perspectives on Forced Migration. University of Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre.
- ^Bourne, Randolph S. (1916). 'Trans-National America'. Atlantic Monthly (118): 86â97.
- ^Bourne, Randolph S. (1916). 'The Jew and Tran-national America'.
- ^'Definition of TRANSNATIONALISM'.
- ^ abRobinson 2004.
- ^Moore, Cerwyn (2015-05-27). 'Foreign Bodies: Transnational Activism, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus and 'Beyond''. Terrorism and Political Violence. 27 (3): 395â415. doi:10.1080/09546553.2015.1032035. ISSN0954-6553.
- ^Kislev, Elyakim (2014). 'The transnational effect of multicultural policies on migrants' identification: the case of the Israeli diaspora in the USA'. Global Networks. 15: 118â139. doi:10.1111/glob.12043.
- ^Angel-Ajani, Asale (2006). 'Displacing Diaspora: Trafficking, African Women, and Transnational Practices'. Diasporic Africa: A Reader. New York University Press. p. 296.
- ^Schiller, Basch & Blanc-Szanton 1992, p. 1.
- ^Sklair 2000.
- ^Struna 2009.
- ^Robinson 2012.
- ^Sprague 2012.
- ^Arif Dirlik (1996) Asian on the Rim: Transnational Capital and Local Community in the Making of Contemporary Asian America. Amerasia Journal: 1996, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 1-24.
- ^Jonathan Okamura (2003) Asian American Studies in the Age of Transnationalism: Diaspora, Race, Community. Amerasia Journal: 2003, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 171-194.
- ^Alice Yang Murray (2000) Oral History Research, Theory, and Asian American Studies. Amerasia Journal: 2000, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 105-118.
- ^Jonathan Okamura (2003) Asian American Studies in the Age of Transnationalism: Diaspora, Race, Community. Amerasia Journal: 2003, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 171-194
- ^Glenn K. Omatsu, âThe âFour Prisonsâ and the Movements of Liberation: Asian American Activism from the 1960s to the 1990s,â in Karin Aguilar-San Juan, ed., The State of Asian America: Activism and Resistance in the 1990s (Boston: South End Press, 1994), 25-26.
- ^Schiller, Basch & Blanc-Szanton 1992, pp. 1â24.
Works cited[edit]
- Robinson, William I. (2004). A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World.
- â (2012). 'Global Capitalism Theory and the Emergency of Transnational Elites'(PDF). Critical Sociology. 38 (3): 349â363. doi:10.1177/0896920511411592.
- Schiller, Nina Glick; Basch, Linda; Blanc-Szanton, Cristina (1992). 'Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration'. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 645 (1 Towards a Tra): 1â24. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33484.x. ISSN0077-8923.
- Sklair, Leslie (2000). The Transnational capitalist class. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Sprague, Jeb (2012). 'Transnational State'(PDF). In Ritzer, George (ed.). The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization (First ed.). Malden, MA, USA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 2031â2037.
- Struna, Jason (2009). 'Toward a Theory of Global Proletarian Fractions'. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 2â3 (8).
General references[edit]
- Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo (1997). 'The Emergence of a Transnational Social Formation and the Mirage of Return Migration among Dominican Transmigrants'. 4 (Identity).
Further reading[edit]
- Appadurai, Arjun: Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Delhi, India, Oxford University Press, 1997 - is critical of the construct of the nation-state and seek to propagate a greater use of transnational thought.
- Bachmann-Medick, Doris, ed.: The Trans/National Study of Culture: A Translational Perspective, Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter, 2014 (paperback edition 2016).
- Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed.: Immigration, Incorporation and Transnationalism, Somerset, New Jersey, USA, Transaction Publishers, 2003.
- Bourne, Randolph: 'Trans-National America' in The Atlantic Monthly, #118 (July 1916), pp. 86â97, Boston, The Atlantic Monthly Group, 1916.
- Cante, Richard C. (March 2009). Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN0-7546-7230-1. Chapter 6: The World of All-Male Pornography
- Dolby, Nadine; Cornbleth, Catherine (2001). 'Social identities in transnational times'. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 22 (3): 293â296. doi:10.1080/01596300120094334.
- Faist, Thomas, The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Green, Nancy L. 'The Trials of Transnationalism: Itâs Not as Easy as It Looks.' Journal of Modern History 89.4 (2017): 851-874. Historiography
- Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo & Michael Peter Smith, eds., Transnationalism from Below, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, Transaction Publishers, 1997.
- Iriye, Akira. Global and Transnational History: The Past, Present, and Future. London: Palgrave MacMillan UK, 2013.
- Joerges, Christian; Inger-Johanne Sand & Gunther Teubner, eds.: Transnational governance and constitutionalism, Oxford, United Kingdom, Hart Publishing, 2004.
- Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye, eds. Transnational relations and world politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, Harvard University Press, 1972 - a classic work about the distinction in international relations.
- Kyle, David. 'Transnational Peasants: Migrations, Ethnicity, and Networks in Andean Ecuador,' Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.-developed the concept of transnational 'migration merchants.'
- McAlister, Elizabeth. 1998. '|The Madonna of 115th St. Revisited: Vodou and Haitian Catholicism in the Age of Transnationalism.' In S. Warner, ed., Gatherings in Diaspora. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.
- McKeown, Adam: Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900-1936, Chicago, Illinois, USA, The University of Chicago Press, 2001 - offered a transnational look at Chinese immigrants and social links in the nineteenth century.
- Moreno Tejada, Jaime, 'Introduction: Distance - Modern Transnational Frontiers' in Transnational Frontiers of Asia and Latin America since 1800. London: Routledge, 2016.
- Ong, Aihwa. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logic of Transnationality. Duke University Press: Durham, 1999.
- Pries, Ludger, ed.: Migration and Transnational Social Spaces, Aldershot, United Kingdom, Ashgate, 1999.
- Rees, Martha, ed.: Special Issue: Costs of Transnational Migration, in Migration Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, October 2009.
- Robinson, William I.: 'Beyond Nation-State Paradigms: Globalization, Sociology, and the Challenge of Transnational Studies' in Sociological Forum, Vol. 13, No 4, pp. 561â594, New York City, USA, 1998.
- Sassen, Saskia: Cities in a World Economy, Thousand Oaks, California, USA, Pine Forge Press, 2006 - more detailed analysis of the transnational phenomenon, with elaborate examples, is contained in the writings of Saskia Sassen.
- Shaffer, Gregory C. ed. 2012. Transnational Legal Ordering and State Change. Cambridge University Press.
- Tarrow, Sidney: The new transnational activism, New York City, USA, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- See the 'Network for Critical Study of Global Capitalism' http://netglobalcapitalism.wordpress.com
- See the trilingual (English, Chinese, French) Transtext(e)sTranscultures: Journal of Global Cultural Studieshttp://www.transtexts.net publication of the Institute for Transtextual and Transculural Studies, University of Lyon, France.
- See the University of the Arts London Research Centre for Transnational Art, Identity & Nationhttp://www.transnational.org.uk
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